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Many ancient Indian warriors did not wear helmets to protect themselves during battle, which led to serious damage to the face, such as trauma to the ears and noses. To treat these injuries, Hindu doctors developed surgical techniques that do not differ much from modern ones. A common procedure was rhinoplasty, in which a piece of skin was cut from the patient's forehead and folded over to cover the nasal opening. Hollow tubes were also inserted to form the nostrils. Since the 5th century BC, there are records of such successful surgeries. Another extremely different but equally effective method was to use Bengali ants to sew up intestinal or abdominal wounds. The mandibles of these insects served as surgical staples, and were then removed when the patient's immune system was strong enough to absorb them.
