Portuguese EN 9th grade: Meaning of Words

Semantic Relations and Lexical Meaning

Lexical meaning refers to the meaning of words in the language. Words can establish different semantic relations, that is, relationships of meaning between them.

Some important relations are:

Sinonímia – words with similar meanings.

Ex.: pássaro = ave.

Antonímia – words with opposite meanings.

Ex.: alto / baixo.

Hiperonímia – a word with a more general meaning that includes others.

Ex.: pássaro (hiperónimo) → andorinha, parda

Hiponímia – a word with a more specific meaning within a group.

Ex.: andorinha, pardalm rouxinol (hipónimos).

Holonímia – occurs when a word represents the whole in relation to its parts. This word is called a holonym.

Ex.: carro → volante, motor, rodas

casa → porta, janela, telhado

Here, carro and casa are the holónimos (the whole).

Meronímia – occurs when a word represents a part of a whole. This word is called a meronym.

volante → part of a car

janela → part of a house

The relationship of a word (sinónimo, antónimo, hipónimo, hiperónimo, holónimo ou merónimo) depends on the word with which it is compared.

legume (hiperónimo ) / alface (hipónimo)

carro / automóvel - (sinónimos)

automóvel (holónimo) / volante (merónimo)

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Subclasses de pronomes
Pronome pessoal
Refers to the persons in speech: 1ª, 2ª ou 3ª pessoa.
- Formas tónicas: used alone or for emphasis (mim, ti, ele, nós).
- Formas átonas: used attached to the verb (me, te, se, o, a, nos, vos).
Pronome pessoal em adjacência verbal
- Ênclise: after the verb (amar-me-ás).
- Próclise: before the verb (me amarás).
- Mesóclise: in the middle of the verb, used with future tense (amar-me-ás).
Contração de pronomes pessoais
Personal pronouns (pronomes pessoais) can combine with direct (direto) and indirect (indireto) objects into a single form.
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te + o = to / lhe + o = lho / lhes + o = lho
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Pronome pessoal “se”
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- se recíproco: complemento indireto (Eles abraçam-se)
- se impessoal: sujeito indeterminado (Diz-se que está a ficar cego)
- se passivo: partícula apassivante (Vendem-se maçãs.)
Pronome demonstrativo
Indicates position or reference: este, essa, aquele, isto, isso, aquilo.
Pronome possessivo
Indicates possession: meu, teu, seu, nossa, vossos.
Pronome indefinido
Indicates vague quantity or identity: alguém, ninguém, tudo, algum, certo.
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Ex.: ele, aquele, meu, ninguém.
Subclasses de pronomes
Pronome pessoal
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