Portuguese EN 9th grade: Phonological processes

Phonological processes are changes or transformations in the sounds of a language that occur in speech.

They explain how sounds change in words or sentences while keeping the meaning.

Insertion of Segments

Sounds are added to a word.

Prothesis: A sound is added at the beginning of the word. ex: scutu → escudo

Epenthesis: A sound is added in the middle of the word. ex: humile → humilde

Paragoge: A sound is added at the end of the word. ex: ante → antes

Deletion of Segments

Sounds are removed from a word.

Apheresis: A sound is removed at the beginning of the word. ex: acumen → gume

Syncope: A sound is removed in the middle of the word. ex: rivu → rio

Apocope: A sound is removed at the end of the word. ex: amore → amor

Change of Segments

The quality or position of a sound changes in a word.

Assimilation: Nearby sounds become similar or identical. ex: nostru → nosso

Dissimilation: Similar sounds become different. ex: lilio → lírio

Vowel reduction: A vowel weakens (from stressed to unstressed syllable). ex: festa → festejo

Metathesis: A sound or syllable changes position. ex: feria → feira

Did you know?

---publicity---

---article---

Those who liked Phonological processes, also liked to explore Portuguese EN 9th grade

Explore more about Oral Comprehension
Oral comprehension consists of listening to and correctly interpreting a spoken message (e.g., recording, news report, interview, speech).
The exam may include a short audio clip such as:
- radio news report
- interview
- explanation of a topic
- dialogue
- Topic and Subject
Topic: the general central idea of the text (e.g., environment).
Subject: a specific part of the topic (e.g., ocean pollution).
Essential and Accessory Information
Essential: fundamental for understanding the text.
Accessory: details or examples that complement the information.
Topics
These are the main parts of the content, usually organized in a logical sequence.
Communicative Intentions
This is the speaker

Oral Comprehension Oral comprehension consists of listening to and correctly interpreting a spoken message (e.g., recording, news report, interview, speech). The exam may include a short audio clip such as: - radio news report - interview - explanation of a topic - dialogue - Topic and Subject Topic: the general central idea of the text (e.g., environment). Subject: a specific part of the topic (e.g., ..know more

December 15th Zamenh... Portuguese Language

Explore more about December 15th Zamenhof day, in honor of Ludwig Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto born in 1859. Ludwig Zamenhof was a Polish doctor and linguist, born in a multicultural region of Poland, where various ethnicities and languages coexisted, but also often conflicted. Noting linguistic and cultural barriers, Zamenhof envisioned a neutral, easy-to-learn language that could serve as a universal second language, promoting peace and facilitating global communication. In 1887, he launched the first Esperanto grammar, which quickly gained followers and spread across Europe and other continents. Esperanto is a planned language, with a regular grammatical structure and vocabulary inspired by several European languages. He believed that by adopting a common, neutral language, people could overcome cultural differences and come together...

December 15th Zamenhof day, in honor of Ludwig Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto born in 1859. Ludwig Zamenhof was a Polish doctor and linguist, born in a multicultural region of Poland, where various ethnicities and languages coexisted, but also often conflicted. Noting linguistic and cultural barriers, Zamenhof envisioned a neutral, easy-to-learn language that could serve as a universal ..know more

Some books do more than tell s... English Language
Some books do more than tell stories — they transform the way we think, question, and understand the world.
🔹 Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell
Summary: In a society watched by “Big Brother,” freedom of thought is controlled.
Why it changes the mind: It shows how control over information and language can shape reality, leading readers to question power, surveillance, and individual ..know more

The Rubik's Cube, created by H... Math
The Rubik's Cube, created by Hungarian architect and architecture professor Ernő Rubik in 1974, has become one of the world's most popular puzzles and a true cultural icon. Originally invented by Rubik as a teaching tool to teach his students about geometry and spatial transformations, it quickly became a worldwide challenge.
The 3x3x3 cube, the best-known version, has around 43 quintillion possible ..know more

publicity

Those who liked Phonological processes, also liked to explore Secrets of Love
Love is not just a feeling; it has a chemical basis in the brain. The most famous hormone associated with love is oxytocin, often called the “love hormone.” It is released during closeness, hugging, affection, and intimacy, strengthening emotional bonds and creating feelings of trust and attachment.
But how long does it take for the brain to fall in love? Studies show that intense attraction can ..know more

Who was Stanislav Petrov? Contemporary Age
Who was Stanislav Petrov?
Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov was an officer in the Soviet Air Force, born in 1939 in the former Soviet Union. He was neither a politician nor a high-ranking military leader. He was an engineer trained to analyze nuclear early-warning systems, an ordinary man within an extremely dangerous Cold War machine.
What was his real position?
Petrov was ..know more

Did you know that platforms al... Universe of AI
Did you know that platforms already exist where artificial intelligences talk only to each other, with no human participation?
One example that recently went viral is Moltbook, described as a “Reddit for AIs.” On it, bots create posts, comment, reply, and vote on each other in a fully autonomous way. There are no human users writing — only observing.
What intrigued the internet wasn’t just ..know more

Points within a game Court Tennis
Points within a game
Each game starts at 0, called “Love”.
The scoring goes: 0 → 15 → 30 → 40 → game.
If both players reach 40, it is called Deuce.
To win the game from Deuce, you need to win 2 consecutive points.
Games within a set
A set is won by the player who wins 6 games with at least a 2-game advantage.
Examples:
6-3 → normal win
6-5 ..know more

Origin of the Sphinx Ancient Age
Origin of the Sphinx
The Great Sphinx of Giza, located near the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, is one of the oldest and most iconic sculptures in Egypt.
It is believed to have been built during the reign of Pharaoh Khafre (c. 2500 B.C.).
It has the body of a lion and the head of a human, possibly representing the pharaoh himself or a protective deity.
Original ..know more

Esther and Ruth: courage an... Bible Adventures
Esther and Ruth: courage and faith
Esther and Ruth are examples of women who played central roles in the Bible, demonstrating courage, faith, and determination:
Esther became queen of Persia and risked her life to save the Jewish people from destruction (Book of Esther). Her story is an example of boldness, strategy, and faith in God, inspiring celebrations such as Purim.
Ruth, ..know more

Understand What a “Six-Pack... NutriFit
Understand What a “Six-Pack” Really Is
Abdominal muscle: can be strengthened with specific exercises.
Abdominal fat: covers the muscles; even with strong abs, it needs to be reduced to show.
In other words, it’s not just about doing crunches all day.
Strategic Nutrition
Moderate calorie deficit: burning more energy than you consume helps reduce fat.
Enough ..know more

First Synthetic Fragrance Live Fashion
First Synthetic Fragrance
Before Chanel Nº5, perfumes were made almost exclusively with natural essences: flowers, fruits, resins, and spices.
In 1921, Coco Chanel launched Nº5, created by perfumer Ernest Beaux, using synthetic molecules.
The result? A perfume with complexity, longevity, and a unique signature, impossible to reproduce using only natural ingredients.
Cultural ..know more

The Hairy Leg is a legend from... Brazilian Folklore
The Hairy Leg is a legend from Brazilian folklore, most common in the Northeast, especially in states such as Pernambuco, Paraíba, and Rio Grande do Norte.
What is the Hairy Leg?
According to the legend, it is a giant human leg, covered in hair, that appears alone, without a body, usually at night. It often appears in deserted streets, alleys, or roads and runs after people, especially ..know more
publicity

Those who liked Phonological processes, also liked to explore Portugal
In the center of Lisbon, in Rossio Square, stands a column crowned by a statue attributed to Dom Pedro IV. At first glance, it appears to be a clear symbol of Portuguese liberalism. However, the story behind the sculpture is more curious than it seems.
Origin of the statue
Inaugurated in 1874
Officially dedicated to Dom Pedro IV
Cast in bronze and placed atop a tall column
The ..know more

The Pico Paraná, at 1,877 mete... Tourism
The Pico Paraná, at 1,877 meters, is the highest point in southern Brazil and is located in the Serra do Mar, between the municipalities of Antonina and Campina Grande do Sul, in Paraná. Its geological formation dates back to the Precambrian period, millions of years ago, when tectonic uplift and erosion processes formed its igneous and granitic rocks. The name “Paraná” comes from the Tupi language ..know more

Beer Was Safer Than Water Beers
Beer Was Safer Than Water
In the Middle Ages, water was often contaminated, while boiling beer wort killed bacteria.
Children and adults drank “small beer” daily as a safe and nutritious beverage.
This shows how beer was an essential part of the diet and public health at the time.
The Monks
During Lent, monks brewed strong and nutritious beers.
The drink ..know more

The Apocalypse
Man... Stranger Things
The Apocalypse
Many viewers spend the series trying to discover the virus’s origin, but Robert Kirkman, the creator, made it clear: it doesn’t matter. The focus is on humans — how people behave when society disappears, when there are no laws, comfort, or security. The virus is just a catalyst that reveals who people really are.
The Infection
The famous reveal that anyone ..know more

1. A universe built by play... Harry Potter
1. A universe built by players
Since 2006, Roblox has allowed anyone to create and play unique worlds. Thousands of games are made by the community, from epic adventures to wacky simulations.
2. A billion-dollar community
Some creators have earned millions from their games, turning fun into a business. Roblox’s economy is real and very active.
3. Engaging events
Constant ..know more

Eleven was almost a boy... Stranger Things
Eleven was almost a boy
In the early drafts by the Duffer Brothers, the main character was written as a different gender. By changing Eleven into a girl, the series gained a stronger emotional layer: apparent fragility versus extreme power, as well as themes of motherhood, friendship, and identity.
The Upside Down came before the story
Unlike the usual process, the creators ..know more

The Rossio Statue
... Portugal
$Explore more about The Rossio Statue Although everyone believes the statue represents D. Pedro IV, there is a myth that it was repurposed from another historical figure. To prevent anyone from noticing, it was placed at the top of the column, out of public view. This shows how urban legends can arise from seemingly small historical details. Lisbon Some buildings in the city date back to before 1143, the official founding year of Portugal. They survived earthquakes, invasions, and changes of government over centuries. This reveals the incredible resilience and historical richness of the Portuguese capital. There Are Secret Tunnels Under Lisbon Underground passages connect old convents, palaces, and military areas. Many of these routes are closed or have never been fully mapped. They served both for escape and logistics, showing a mysterious side of the city. Portugal Once Banned Carnival During certain conservative periods, Carnival was seen as a threat to public order. The festivities were officially banned in some regions. This shows how even popular traditions can become targets of political control. The “Gold of Brazil” Much of Brazil’s gold was sent to England, and only a fraction remained in Portugal, showing the complexity of the colonial economy...$
The Rossio Statue
Although everyone believes the statue represents D. Pedro IV, there is a myth that it was repurposed from another historical figure.
To prevent anyone from noticing, it was placed at the top of the column, out of public view.
This shows how urban legends can arise from seemingly small historical details.
Lisbon
Some buildings in the city date ..know more

Virginia Hall (1906–1982) was ... History
Virginia Hall (1906–1982) was an American agent during World War II who defied every stereotype. A woman, a foreigner, and with a prosthetic leg — which she nicknamed “Cuthbert” — she embodied everything the Nazis underestimated. Even so, she became the most dangerous agent in occupied France.
Who she was
• American, former diplomatic service candidate
• Lost part of her leg in an accident
• ..know more

Lisbon is not just built above... Portugal
Lisbon is not just built above ground. Over more than two thousand years, different civilizations have constructed underground structures that remain hidden to this day.
Origin of the tunnels
Romans: drainage galleries, aqueducts, and sewers.
Islamic period: passages used for escape and supply.
Middle Ages: corridors under convents, churches, and palaces.
Purpose
Escape ..know more

Juan Pujol García (1912–1988),... History
Juan Pujol García (1912–1988), codename Garbo, was the spy who fooled Hitler on his own. He created a fictional network of 27 agents that never existed, sending detailed reports with deliberately human errors. His cunning changed the course of the war.
Who he was
• Spanish, ordinary childhood
• Initially uninterested in politics
• Offered his services to the British and then deceived ..know more
---publicity---