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The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism

Energy production in cells depends on three fundamental processes: glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain. These mechanisms ensure the conversion of nutrients into ATP, the main source of cellular energy.
Glycolysis, the first stage, occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, generating ATP and NADH. If oxygen is available, the pyruvate goes to the mitochondria, where the Krebs Cycle occurs. In this phase, acetyl-CoA molecules are processed, releasing CO₂ and producing more NADH and FADH₂, electron transporters.
The last stage is the Electron Transport Chain, located in the mitochondrial membrane. In it, electrons pass through specialized proteins, generating a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP. This process ends cellular respiration and ensures the greatest energy production in the organism.
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Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Biochemistry

Explore more about Biological membranes play a vital role in the protection, communication and transport of substances within and outside cells. The fluid mosaic model, proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the dynamic and complex structure of cell membranes. According to this model, the membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, with proteins dispersed in a mosaic-like pattern that move laterally, giving the structure fluidity.
The lipid bilayer, formed by phospholipids, is the basis of the membrane, with its hydrophobic tails facing inward and its hydrophilic heads facing outward. Proteins, which can be integral or peripheral, perform crucial functions such as transport, cell signaling and anchoring structures. Integral proteins span the entire lipid bilayer, while peripheral proteins are located on the membrane surface.
This model explains the flexibility of membranes, which allows changes in shape, the movement of lipids and proteins, and adaptation to different environmental conditions. Membrane fluidity is essential for processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, and the function of ion channels, ensuring efficient interaction between the cell and its environment...

Biological membranes play a vital role in the protection, communication and transport of substances within and outside cells. The fluid mosaic model, proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972, describes the dynamic and complex structure of cell membranes. According to this model, the membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, with proteins dispersed in a mosaic-like pattern that move laterally, giving ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Natural Sciences

Explore more about The digestive system is made up of organs that work together to allow the absorption of as many nutrients as possible from the food ingested. It is formed by the following organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. In addition, it is connected to glands that release their secretion inside the digestive tract, they are: salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder...

The digestive system is made up of organs that work together to allow the absorption of as many nutrients as possible from the food ingested. It is formed by the following organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. In addition, it is connected to glands that release their secretion inside the digestive tract, they are: salivary glands, pancreas, liver and ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Human Body Systems

Explore more about The Kingdom Plantae (Kingdom of Plants) encompasses eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic) beings with a cell wall rich in cellulose.
Main features:
Photosynthesis: They produce their food using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
Reproduction: Can be sexual (with gametes) or asexual (cloning, spores, budding).
Classification:
Bryophytes: Small, without conducting vessels (e.g. mosses).
Pteridophytes: They have vessels, but no seeds (e.g.: ferns).
Gymnosperms: "Naked" seeds, without fruit (e.g. pine trees).
Angiosperms: Seeds protected by fruits, flowers (e.g. fruit trees).
Plants are essential for environmental balance, providing oxygen, food and shelter. In education, studying this kingdom develops notions about ecology, biodiversity and sustainability...

The Kingdom Plantae (Kingdom of Plants) encompasses eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthetic) beings with a cell wall rich in cellulose.
Main features:
Photosynthesis: They produce their food using sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
Reproduction: Can be sexual (with gametes) or asexual (cloning, spores, budding).
Classification:
Bryophytes: ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Types of Soils

Explore more about Fertility and Sustainability in the Spotlight
Humiferous soil, also known as terra preta or organic soil, is one of the most valued in agriculture and gardening due to its high fertility and contribution to environmental sustainability. Rich in organic matter, it is formed from the decomposition of plants and animals, making it an ideal choice for various applications.

Main Features
With a composition rich in humus – a substance formed by organic decomposition – humus soil contains essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Its light and soft texture, combined with high porosity, allows for balanced retention of water and air, favoring the development of plant roots. Its dark color, associated with the characteristic odor of damp earth, are indicators of high fertility and intense microbiological activity.

Properties that Guarantee Advantages
Natural Fertility: Rich in nutrients, promotes vigorous plant growth.
Moisture Retention: The porous structure keeps the soil moist for longer, ideal for crops.
Good Aeration: Facilitates oxygenation of the roots, essential for plant health.
Active Microorganisms: It houses a biodiversity of fungi and bacteria that enrich the soil...

Fertility and Sustainability in the Spotlight
Humiferous soil, also known as terra preta or organic soil, is one of the most valued in agriculture and gardening due to its high fertility and contribution to environmental sustainability. Rich in organic matter, it is formed from the decomposition of plants and animals, making it an ideal choice for various applications.
Main Features
With ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Vertebrate Animals

Explore more about Amphibians, a fascinating group of vertebrate animals, are true survivors that move between the aquatic and terrestrial world. Composed of toads, frogs, tree frogs, salamanders and caecilians, this group plays a crucial role in ecosystems and is highlighted in studies on evolution and adaptation.
Unique Features
They have thin, moist, permeable skin, which makes them highly dependent on moist environments to survive. This special skin not only protects, but also allows cutaneous respiration, complementing lung respiration. During the larval stage, they generally breathe through gills and live exclusively in water, while adults migrate to dry land, adapting with lungs and strong legs to jump or swim.
Ecological Importance
These animals are important environmental indicators. Because they are sensitive to changes in the environment, their presence (or absence) warns about the health of ecosystems. Additionally, amphibians control insect populations, including agricultural pests and disease carriers such as mosquitoes.
Survival Challenges
Amphibians face serious threats such as deforestation, pollution, climate change and fungal diseases such as chytridiomycosis...

Amphibians, a fascinating group of vertebrate animals, are true survivors that move between the aquatic and terrestrial world. Composed of toads, frogs, tree frogs, salamanders and caecilians, this group plays a crucial role in ecosystems and is highlighted in studies on evolution and adaptation.
Unique Features
They have thin, moist, permeable skin, which makes them highly dependent ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Biodiversity

Explore more about Earth is a unique and extraordinary planet, being the common home of all species, where we still enjoy the best conditions of comfort, sustenance and protection for life. However, it was not always like this. The planet we know today is the result of a complex process of transformations that began about 4.6 billion years ago. With the advancement of science and technology, human intelligence has made our species the most dominant, capable of influencing natural processes, consuming large amounts of resources and, thus, shaping the future of the planet. Now, we have the responsibility to ensure the survival of all the species that share the Earth with us...

Earth is a unique and extraordinary planet, being the common home of all species, where we still enjoy the best conditions of comfort, sustenance and protection for life. However, it was not always like this. The planet we know today is the result of a complex process of transformations that began about 4.6 billion years ago. With the advancement of science and technology, human intelligence has made ..know more

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Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about Easter, a central celebration of Christianity, not only marks the resurrection of Jesus Christ, but also has a profound influence on other religious festivals in the Christian calendar, such as Pentecost and the Ascension of Christ. Following the celebration of Christ

Easter, a central celebration of Christianity, not only marks the resurrection of Jesus Christ, but also has a profound influence on other religious festivals in the Christian calendar, such as Pentecost and the Ascension of Christ.
Following the celebration of Christ's resurrection, Pentecost occurs fifty days after Easter, commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles, a pivotal ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In New Zealand, Easter is a joyful occasion, bringing families and communities together for outdoor festivals and traditional Easter egg hunts. Although the country has a significant Christian population, the holiday is largely enjoyed as a time for leisure and socializing. Many towns and cities host community events, where children can hunt for chocolate eggs in parks and gardens, with the excitement of finding the hidden eggs being one of the most anticipated attractions. In addition, Easter in New Zealand is marked by local festivals that combine cultural and religious elements, such as church services and services, and outdoor recreational activities. Many of these festivals include games, musical performances and food stalls, promoting an atmosphere of family togetherness and fun. In some regions, there are even egg painting competitions, a tradition that goes back generations. Although Easter is a religious celebration for some, it is generally a time for relaxation and relaxation in New Zealand. Schools often have an extended holiday, allowing families to enjoy time together at festivals and outings...

In New Zealand, Easter is a joyful occasion, bringing families and communities together for outdoor festivals and traditional Easter egg hunts. Although the country has a significant Christian population, the holiday is largely enjoyed as a time for leisure and socializing. Many towns and cities host community events, where children can hunt for chocolate eggs in parks and gardens, with the excitement ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In India, Easter celebrations are particularly prominent in the regions of Goa and Kerala, where Christians follow vibrant and devout religious traditions. In Goa, a former Portuguese colony, the festivities begin with the Maundy Thursday Mass and continue until Easter Sunday, with processions and liturgical celebrations. Goa

In India, Easter celebrations are particularly prominent in the regions of Goa and Kerala, where Christians follow vibrant and devout religious traditions. In Goa, a former Portuguese colony, the festivities begin with the Maundy Thursday Mass and continue until Easter Sunday, with processions and liturgical celebrations. Goa's churches, many of which are built in the Baroque style, attract thousands ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In the Philippines, Easter is celebrated in an intense and unique way, with some traditions that draw attention to the extreme devotion of the participants. In several regions of the country, especially in San Fernando, the famous Passion Play takes place, where devotees reenact the final moments of Jesus

In the Philippines, Easter is celebrated in an intense and unique way, with some traditions that draw attention to the extreme devotion of the participants. In several regions of the country, especially in San Fernando, the famous Passion Play takes place, where devotees reenact the final moments of Jesus' life with scenes of crucifixion, self-flagellation and other acts of penance.
These practices ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about Easter is rich in symbolism that transcends religious and cultural boundaries, representing renewal, life and fertility. One of the main symbols of this celebration is the egg, widely recognized as an emblem of renewal and new life. The egg, with its shell that protects and shelters the life within, is seen as a powerful symbol of rebirth, especially during the spring when nature is renewed. The tradition of exchanging decorated eggs dates back to ancient practices and was incorporated into the Christian festivities of Easter, symbolizing the empty tomb of Christ and the miracle of his resurrection. However, its origins are even older, with pagan cultures linking the egg to fertility and the rebirth of the earth. Another symbol widely associated with Easter is the rabbit, or hare, an animal that, especially in pagan traditions, represents fertility. The choice of the rabbit as the symbol of Easter reflects this link with prosperity and the multiplication of life. Its association with Easter became established in Europe, especially in Germany, in the 17th century, and the rabbit became the bearer of Easter eggs, a custom that spread to other parts of the world...

Easter is rich in symbolism that transcends religious and cultural boundaries, representing renewal, life and fertility. One of the main symbols of this celebration is the egg, widely recognized as an emblem of renewal and new life. The egg, with its shell that protects and shelters the life within, is seen as a powerful symbol of rebirth, especially during the spring when nature is renewed.
The ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In Egypt, Easter is followed by a unique and culturally significant celebration: Sham El-Nessim. This festival, which dates back to the time of the pharaohs, is celebrated on the Monday after the Christian Easter and marks the beginning of spring in the country. Although it has pagan origins, Sham El-Nessim is widely celebrated by Egyptians of all religions and is considered a national event of great importance. The tradition of Sham El-Nessim dates back more than 4,000 years, dating back to the time of the pharaohs, when the arrival of spring was celebrated with rituals to celebrate the renewal of nature. The name "Sham El-Nessim" means "the breath of the breeze", referring to the fresh air of the season. During the festival, families often gather for picnics outdoors, especially on the banks of the Nile River, enjoying the mild climate and beautiful scenery. Among the customs of Sham El-Nessim, the consumption of typical foods such as salted fish called feseekh, fresh vegetables and colored eggs stands out, symbolizing the renewal of life. In addition, many people wear colorful clothes and participate in folk dances and music. Sham El-Nessim remains a celebration of great importance in Egypt, uniting the population in a joyful and symbolic festivity...

In Egypt, Easter is followed by a unique and culturally significant celebration: Sham El-Nessim. This festival, which dates back to the time of the pharaohs, is celebrated on the Monday after the Christian Easter and marks the beginning of spring in the country. Although it has pagan origins, Sham El-Nessim is widely celebrated by Egyptians of all religions and is considered a national event of great ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In Ethiopia, Orthodox Easter, known as Fasika, is celebrated with great fervor and involves rigorous spiritual preparation. The main feature of this celebration is the 55-day fast, which begins at the beginning of Ethiopian Lent and continues until Easter Day. During this period, the faithful observe strict dietary restrictions, consuming only plant-based foods, without meat or meat products, as part of a practice of purification and spiritual reflection. The 55-day fast, which is one of the longest practices among Christian traditions, culminates on Easter Eve with a grand celebration. The night before Fasika is marked by a special ceremony in the church, where the faithful participate in prayers and singing. At dawn on Easter Day, the community gathers for the Resurrection Mass, which is accompanied by a great feast, in which Ethiopians break their fast with foods such as lamb, which symbolizes the sacrifice of Christ. In addition to fasting, Fasika in Ethiopia is full of liturgical and cultural rituals. The celebration is also a time for family and community gatherings, with traditional dances, music and festivities that involve the entire country...

In Ethiopia, Orthodox Easter, known as Fasika, is celebrated with great fervor and involves rigorous spiritual preparation. The main feature of this celebration is the 55-day fast, which begins at the beginning of Ethiopian Lent and continues until Easter Day. During this period, the faithful observe strict dietary restrictions, consuming only plant-based foods, without meat or meat products, as part ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In South Africa, Easter is an important celebration, marked by a combination of religious events and community festivities that reflect the country

In South Africa, Easter is an important celebration, marked by a combination of religious events and community festivities that reflect the country's cultural diversity. For Christians, the holiday has deep meaning, with religious celebrations in churches and cathedrals, where the faithful participate in special masses, prayers and reenactments of the Passion of Christ. Churches welcome crowds seeking ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In Japan, Easter is largely celebrated commercially, with a focus on themed products such as chocolates and sweets rather than religious traditions. Although Easter is not an official holiday in the country, stores and supermarkets prepare for the occasion by offering a variety of special products such as chocolate eggs, stuffed bunnies and colorful decorations. These items are popular with families, especially in the run-up to the holiday. Although the majority of the Japanese population does not follow Christian traditions, Easter has gained traction in recent years as an opportunity for businesses to promote seasonal sales. Many Japanese take advantage of the occasion to buy chocolates to share with friends and family, similar to the celebration of Valentine

In Japan, Easter is largely celebrated commercially, with a focus on themed products such as chocolates and sweets rather than religious traditions. Although Easter is not an official holiday in the country, stores and supermarkets prepare for the occasion by offering a variety of special products such as chocolate eggs, stuffed bunnies and colorful decorations. These items are popular with families, ..know more

Those who liked The Pathways of Cellular Metabolism, also liked to explore Easter

Explore more about In Australia, a unique tradition has been gaining momentum during the Easter celebrations: the Easter Bilby. Unlike other countries, where the rabbit is the main symbol of the holiday, Australians have adopted the bilby, a native marsupial, as the "carrier" of Easter eggs. The choice of the bilby is directly linked to the negative impact of rabbits on the Australian fauna. Considered a pest, rabbits have invaded vast areas of the territory, damaging local vegetation and threatening native species, such as the bilby, which is at risk of extinction. The campaign to replace the rabbit with this marsupial began in the 1990s, as a way to raise awareness among the population about the preservation of native fauna and the importance of protecting the bilby. Today, the Easter bilby is a symbol of resilience and environmental conservation, and its image is widely used on chocolates, toys and other Easter decorations. In addition, several Australian organisations use the holiday to raise funds for conservation programmes, promoting the bilby as an icon of local nature. In many cities, Easter is marked by events celebrating biodiversity, with children taking part in egg hunts and learning about the importance of protecting native animals. ..

In Australia, a unique tradition has been gaining momentum during the Easter celebrations: the Easter Bilby. Unlike other countries, where the rabbit is the main symbol of the holiday, Australians have adopted the bilby, a native marsupial, as the "carrier" of Easter eggs. The choice of the bilby is directly linked to the negative impact of rabbits on the Australian fauna. Considered a pest, ..know more

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