The Bet of Knowledge≡Respiratory System
It is responsible for supplying oxygen to the body and eliminating carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by cells.
Components:
Nose and Nasal Cavity: Where the air is filtered, warmed and humidified.
Pharynx: Common passage for air and food.
Larynx: Contains the vocal cords and connects the pharynx to the trachea.
Trachea: Channel that carries air to the lungs.
Bronchi: Branches of the trachea that carry air to the lungs.
Lungs: Organs responsible for gas exchange (oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves).
Alveoli: Small structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs (oxygen for the blood and carbon dioxide for the air).
Respiratory Process:
Inspiration: Air enters the lungs, carrying oxygen.
Gas Exchange: In the alveoli, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is transported to be eliminated.
Exhalation: Carbon dioxide is expelled out of the body.
Digestive System
It is responsible for processing food, breaking it down into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth and repair.
Components:
Mouth: Where food is ingested and the digestion process begins through chewing and the action of saliva.
Esophagus: Channel that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
Stomach: Where food is mixed with gastric juices, breaking down into simpler substances.
Small Intestine: Main site of absorption of nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and fats).
Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts, forming feces.
Liver: Produces bile, which helps with the digestion of fats.
Pancreas: Produces enzymes that help digest food in the small intestine.
Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver, releasing it to the small intestine when necessary.
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Cardiovascular System
Its main function is to transport blood, nutrients, oxygen and waste throughout the body, as well as regulate temperature and maintain fluid balance.
Components:
Heart: Pumps blood.
Divided into four chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Blood vessels: Arteries (take blood from the heart to the body), veins (return blood to the heart), and capillaries (exchange gases and nutrients with tissues).
Blood: Composed of plasma, red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (defense) and platelets (coagulation).
Circulation:
Pulmonary: Blood goes from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Systemic: Oxygenated blood goes from the heart to the body.
Closed system: Blood constantly circulates within the vessels, without leaving the external environment.
Its function is to defend the body against invading microorganisms (viruses
Its function is to defend the body against invading microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
Features:
Uses specialized cells such as lymphocytes (T and B), macrophages and antibodies.
Divided into:
Innate immunity: General defense, present from birth.
Acquired immunity: Specific defense, developed throughout life (e.g. vaccines).
Examples of defense:
Fever: Response against infections.
Vaccines: Stimulate the production of antibodies.
Antibodies: Proteins that neutralize pathogens.
The lymphatic and immune systems work together to protect the body, ensuring health and internal balance.
Lymphatic System
Its function is to transport liquids (lymph), fats and immune cells. Remove waste and maintain fluid balance in the body.
Features:
Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes and organs (spleen, thymus).
Works together with the circulatory system.
Filters microorganisms and toxins from body tissues.
Examples of components:
Lymph: Liquid that transports white blood cells.
Lymph nodes: "Filters" that fight infections.
Spleen: Produces and destroys old blood cells.
Thymus: Matures T lymphocytes (immune cells).
Its function is to control and coordinate all body functions
Its function is to control and coordinate all body functions, processing stimuli from the environment and generating quick responses.
Main Divisions and Resources:
Central Nervous System (CNS): Formed by the brain and spinal cord, processes information.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves that connect the body to the CNS.
It acts through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.
Regulates voluntary (movements) and involuntary (heartbeat) actions.
Main components:
Brain: Controls thought, memory, and senses.
Spinal cord: Conducts signals between the brain and the body.
Nerves: Transmit nerve impulses.
Neurons: Cells that process and transmit information.
The nervous system is essential for understanding the environment, making decisions and keeping the body functioning in an integrated way.
Endocrine System
Their function is to produce and release hormones that regulate various body functions, such as growth, metabolism, reproduction and internal balance (homeostasis).
Features:
Formed by endocrine glands, which release hormones directly into the blood.
It acts slowly but lastingly, regulating bodily processes.
Works together with the nervous system to maintain balance in the body.
Main Glands and Hormones:
Pituitary gland (master gland): Controls other glands and produces hormones such as GH (growth).
Thyroid: Regulates metabolism (T3 and T4 hormones).
Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon (glucose control).
Adrenals: Release adrenaline and cortisol (stress response).
Ovaries and Testicles: Produce sexual hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone).
The endocrine system is essential for maintaining the body's harmony, regulating vital functions continuously and precisely.
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