Vertebrate Animals

Meet the Protagonists of Animal Life
They are one of the most fascinating groups in the animal kingdom, bringing together creatures with spinal columns and a sophisticated central nervous system. This group includes five broad categories: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Who Are the Vertebrates?
These animals' main characteristic is the presence of a vertebral column, which protects the spinal cord and provides support to the body. Furthermore, they have an internal skeleton that allows a wide variety of movements and adaptations, in addition to complex systems, such as the circulatory, digestive and nervous systems.
Fish are the pioneers among vertebrates and live exclusively in aquatic environments. Amphibians, such as toads and frogs, divide their lives between water and land, while reptiles have conquered drier environments thanks to their scaly skin. Birds dominated the skies with light feathers and bones, while mammals, which include humans, stand out for their parental care and ability to regulate their body temperature.
Importance
Vertebrates are fundamental to the balance of ecosystems, controlling populations of prey and predators, pollinating plants and dispersing seeds.
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Unique Features
They have thin, moist, permeable skin, which makes them highly dependent on moist environments to survive. This special skin not only protects, but also allows cutaneous respiration, complementing lung respiration. During the larval stage, they generally breathe through gills and live exclusively in water, while adults migrate to dry land, adapting with lungs and strong legs to jump or swim.
Ecological Importance
These animals are important environmental indicators. Because they are sensitive to changes in the environment, their presence (or absence) warns about the health of ecosystems. Additionally, amphibians control insect populations, including agricultural pests and disease carriers such as mosquitoes.
Survival Challenges
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